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vulnerability

CVE-2025-32433

10.0
Critical
KEV · Exploited in wildEPSS 99%Patch available

Erlang/OTP is a set of libraries for the Erlang programming language. Prior to versions OTP-27.3.3, OTP-26.2.5.11, and OTP-25.3.2.20, a SSH server may allow an attacker to perform unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE). By exploiting a flaw in SSH protocol message handling, a malicious actor could gain unauthorized access to affected systems and execute arbitrary commands without valid credentials. This issue is patched in versions OTP-27.3.3, OTP-26.2.5.11, and OTP-25.3.2.20. A temporary workaround involves disabling the SSH server or to prevent access via firewall rules.

exploited
Yes, in CISA KEV since 9 Jun 2025fix by 30 Jun 2025 (CISA deadline for US federal agencies)public exploit code
fix
Patch available see the advisory in the references
likelihood
EPSS 98.9%
Published 16 Apr 2025Analysed here 2 Nov 2026CVSS scored by the publisher (CNA)

do firstApply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.

triage
server-sideruntimeWAF can block: noAV · networkCWE-306· Missing Authentication

Can a WAF block it? No. The vulnerability is in the SSH server protocol message handling, which is not HTTP-based, so it cannot be filtered by a web application firewall.

Also consider: patch

Based on an AI reading of the CVE description, and no vendor rule found yet. We check Cloudflare, AWS, Google Cloud Armor and Azure; for Akamai, Imperva, Fastly, F5, ask your vendor.

cvss vector
attack vectornetworkattack complexitylowprivileges requirednoneuser interactionnonescopechangedconfidentialityhighintegrityhighavailabilityhigh
CVSS 3.1 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
common questions

Is CVE-2025-32433 being exploited?

Yes. CVE-2025-32433 appears in CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog, which means exploitation in the wild has been confirmed and reported. Treat it as active rather than theoretical, and patch it ahead of higher-scoring vulnerabilities that carry no exploitation evidence.

How severe is CVE-2025-32433?

CVE-2025-32433 is rated Critical with a CVSS score of 10.0. Severity describes how bad exploitation would be, not how likely it is: pair it with exploitation evidence before deciding what to patch first.

Is there a patch for CVE-2025-32433?

Yes. A fix has been recorded for CVE-2025-32433. The vendor advisory is the authority on the exact fixed version — apply it from there rather than from a summary.

What does CVE-2025-32433 affect?

CVE-2025-32433 affects erlang:erlang\/otp, cisco:confd_basic, cisco:network_services_orchestrator, cisco:cloud_native_broadband_network_gateway, and 19 further products or versions. Confirm the exact affected versions against the vendor advisory before deciding you are exposed.

Exploitation status reflects CISA's KEV catalog as we last synced it. Check the catalog directly.

executive summary
technical analysis
affected
erlang:erlang\/otpcisco:confd_basiccisco:network_services_orchestratorcisco:cloud_native_broadband_network_gatewaycisco:inode_managercisco:smart_phycisco:ultra_packet_corecisco:ultra_services_platformcisco:staroscisco:optical_site_managercisco:ncs_2000_shelf_virtualization_orchestrator_firmwarecisco:enterprise_nfv_infrastructure_softwarecisco:ultra_cloud_corecisco:rv160w_firmwarecisco:rv260_firmwarecisco:rv160_firmwarecisco:rv260p_firmwarecisco:rv260w_firmwarecisco:rv340_firmwarecisco:rv340w_firmwarecisco:rv345_firmwarecisco:rv345p_firmwaredebian:debian_linux

public exploits

Public exploit code: 1 Metasploit module · 41 GitHub proofs of concept

Metasploit

Listed so you can judge urgency, not as a recommendation to run anything. GitHub “proofs of concept” are unvetted: some are fake or carry malware. Exploit-DB marks the entries its staff verified.

cisa ssvc

exploitation
active
automatable
yes
technical impact
total

Assessed by CISA 20 Aug 2025 (SSVC 2.0.3).

timeline

  1. 16 Apr 2025Published
  2. 18 Apr 2025First public exploit or proof of concept · 1 day later
  3. 9 Jun 2025Added to CISA KEV (exploited in the wild) · 52 days later
  4. 30 Jun 2025CISA remediation due date (US federal agencies) · 21 days later
  5. 20 Aug 2025CISA SSVC assessment: exploitation active · 51 days later
  6. 26 Feb 2026CVE record last updated · 191 days (about 6 months) later
  7. 2 Nov 2026Analysed by vulneraibility.com · 249 days (about 8 months) later

also known as

GHSA-37cp-fgq5-7wc2
how to fix
Remediation steps are tailored for users whose stack is affected. Add this technology to your stack to see the fix checklist.
references
NVDCVE.orgCVE DetailsSource
14 references in the CVE record: 1 advisory, 1 exploit, 12 links
  • Advisorysec.cloudapps.cisco.com /security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-erlang-otp-ssh-xyZZy
  • Exploitgithub.com /ProDefense/CVE-2025-32433/blob/main/CVE-2025-32433.py
  • Linkgithub.com /erlang/otp/security/advisories/GHSA-37cp-fgq5-7wc2
  • Linkgithub.com /erlang/otp/commit/0fcd9c56524b28615e8ece65fc0c3f66ef6e4c12
  • Linkgithub.com /erlang/otp/commit/6eef04130afc8b0ccb63c9a0d8650209cf54892f
  • Linkgithub.com /erlang/otp/commit/b1924d37fd83c070055beb115d5d6a6a9490b891
  • Linkopenwall.com /lists/oss-security/2025/04/16/2
  • Linkopenwall.com /lists/oss-security/2025/04/18/1
Show 6 more

sources

  • CVE List (CVE.org): description, affected versions, references; CVE Terms of Use
  • NVD: CVSS and CPE data
  • CISA KEV catalog: exploitation, date added, due date
  • CISA Vulnrichment (ADP): SSVC decision points
  • FIRST EPSS: exploit probability and percentile
  • Metasploit Framework: exploit and scanner modules
  • PoC-in-GitHub: GitHub repositories that claim a proof of concept
  • OSV: advisory aliases and downstream package versions
  • Summary, impact and triage tags: written by our AI analysis pipeline from the sources above. Check them against the sources.
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